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Malawi is one of the world’s least developed countries and is ranked 170 out of 187 countries according to the 2010 Human Development Index.〔UNDP 2013〕 It has about 16 million people, 53% of whom live under the national poverty line, and 90% of whom live on less than $2 per day.〔FINCA 2014〕 The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimated that there are 46,000 severely malnourished children. In 2002, there was a famine in Malawi with death estimates ranging from 300 to 3,000, according to ActionAid.〔Devereux 2002〕 85 percent of Malawians’ primary source of income comes from agriculture, and maize is the primary crop grown and consumed.〔Lilliston, B and Ranallo, A 2012〕 Therefore, when the IMF reported that the 2000/2001 maize harvest fell from 2.5 million to 1.7 million metric tons, creating a national deficit of 273,000 metric tons, many were affected.〔IMF 2002〕 In February 2002, the Malawi government announced that there was a food emergency and that the country was in a State of Disaster.〔 The harvest in the later half of 2002 alleviated the worst of the famine, but in 2005, a drought prompted a food crisis.〔Rights & Democracy and FIAN International, 2006〕 On October 15, 2005, the government, led by President Bingu wa Mutharika, declared another national disaster. Malawi has since recovered from the 2005 crisis, but it is currently facing another food shortage.〔Phillips, E 2007〕 == History == Scholars trace back Malawi’s food crisis to 1991 and 1992, when a drought in southern Africa severely reduced Malawi’s maize production. The price of maize shot up: the cost of maize, which is 54% of the average caloric intake for Malawians,〔Minot 2010〕 almost doubled between 1992 and 1993.〔United Nations 1994〕 Although there was a maize surplus in 1993 due to improved rainfall and government-subsidized hybrid maize seed and fertilizer, food consumption did not increase because of people’s eating and coping habits during the famine.〔Hayes 1997〕 A government agency ADMARC controlled the purchasing and trading of smallholder cash crops and fertilizers prior to 1998.〔 Corruption and rent-seeking within the agency caused it to exploit small farmers and falsify grain prices.〔 When tobacco prices fell in 1985, ADMARC nearly went bankrupt.〔Lele 1988〕 In order to acquire loans from the World Bank, ADMARC became a partially privately owned company and eliminated its fertilizer subsidies in 1988/1989.〔 ADMARC’s inability to provide fertilizer and seeds to small farmers also contributed to the food crisis in 1992.〔Mkandawire 1999〕 Since then, periodic droughts and floods have continued to affect Malawi.〔ActionAid 2006〕 Between 1990 and 2006, there were 33 weather-related disasters, a rise from the 7 that occurred between 1970 and 1989, according to ActionAid.〔 Malawi’s economy is heavily agricultural; most people survive on their own harvest and sell the excess to make a small income.〔Dorward and Kydd 2004〕 The high number and increasing severity of droughts and floods since 1990 has impacted much of the country’s population—farmers had little ability to adapt to or recover from disasters, making them more vulnerable to future events, and the cycle of poverty and hunger worsened.〔 From the early 1970s to 1994, the government subsidized hybrid maize growth. When the government stopped this program because it was becoming too expensive support, maize production fell and price increased again.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malawian food crisis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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